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OBJECTIVE@#To update current situation of the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Kazerun County, southwest of Iran and to analyse the epidemiological aspects of the disease during 2005-2015.@*METHODS@#Data on CL were obtained from the Health Center of Kazerun County, and then were analysed and mapped using SPSS and Arc GIS 10.3.@*RESULTS@#A total of 700 cases of CL were recorded during the study period with an overall decreasing trend from 2005 to 2015. More than 60% of the patients were inhabitants of rural areas and males were infected more than females. Although there was not a significant difference between gender, job categories, residence and CL infection (P > 0.05), age groups were significantly different (P 0.05). Most of the acute lesions were found to be present on the hand, leg and face, respectively. The average CL incidence in the study area was calculated as 24.9/100000 population. A hot spot for the disease was found in southern part of the area (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#This study revealed that CL is present in Kazerun country. Thus, effective monitoring and sustained surveillance system is crucial in counteracting the disease, and if possible, to eliminate it.
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Objective To update current situation of the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Kazerun County, southwest of Iran and to analyse the epidemiological aspects of the disease during 2005–2015. Methods Data on CL were obtained from the Health Center of Kazerun County, and then were analysed and mapped using SPSS and Arc GIS 10.3. Results A total of 700 cases of CL were recorded during the study period with an overall decreasing trend from 2005 to 2015. More than 60% of the patients were inhabitants of rural areas and males were infected more than females. Although there was not a significant difference between gender, job categories, residence and CL infection (P > 0.05), age groups were significantly different (P 0.05). Most of the acute lesions were found to be present on the hand, leg and face, respectively. The average CL incidence in the study area was calculated as 24.9/100 000 population. A hot spot for the disease was found in southern part of the area (P < 0.05). Conclusions This study revealed that CL is present in Kazerun country. Thus, effective monitoring and sustained surveillance system is crucial in counteracting the disease, and if possible, to eliminate it.
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OBJECTIVE: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects millions of women and is known as the most important disorder among them. The very aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of low dose calcium on severity of PMS. METHODS: This study can be considered as a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Female students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences diagnosed with PMS in 2014 participated in the present study. Sixty-six female students diagnosed with PMS were involved in the experimental and control groups. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive 500 mg of calcium daily or placebo for two months. Severity of PMS was detected by Daily Record of Severity of Problems, which was used to measure symptoms during one menstrual cycle before and two menstrual cycles after the intervention. RESULTS: No signifcant differences were observed in the mean scores of PMS symptoms between calcium and placebo groups before the treatment (P=0.74). However, signifcant differences were noticed between the two intervention groups in the first (P=0.01) and second menstrual cycles (P=0.001) after the intervention. The differences were significant in subgroups of anxiety, depression, emotional changes, water retention, and somatic changes in calcium group compared with placebo group in the menstrual cycle before the intervention and two menstrual cycles after the intervention and among menstrual cycles (0, cycle 1, cycle 2) in calcium group (P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Overall, the results of the present study suggest that treatment with calcium supplements is an effective method for reducing mood disorders during PMS.
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Female , Humans , Anxiety , Calcium , Depression , Menstrual Cycle , Methods , Mood Disorders , Premenstrual Syndrome , WaterABSTRACT
Objective: To measure oxidative stress biomarkers in saliva and venous blood of mothers and cord blood of newborns delivered with and without combined analgesia
Methodology: In this analytical cross-sectional study, carried out in 2015. 68 parturient mothers and newborns were recruited in random to two groups in Fatemieh Teaching Hospital, Hamadan City, Iran. Thirty four of them were delivered via normal vaginal delivery [NVD] and 34 delivered through combined analgesia [CA]. This study was designed to measure total antioxidant capacity [TAC], Total thiol molecules [TTM] and catalase activity [CAT], in blood and saliva of mothers at the second stage of labor and cord blood of newborns delivered through these different delivery modes
Results: No significant difference could be observed in the mean of first and third labor stages in CA and NVD groups, but the difference was significant during the second stage in CA and NVD groups, respectively. No statistically significant difference was noticed between the means of oxidative stress parameters [TTM, TAC and CAT] in plasma, saliva and umbilical cord samples in two groups [P> 0.05]. A significant positive correlation existed between [plasma and umbilical cord TAC] and [plasma and saliva CAT]. There was no significant relationship between newborn birth weight and oxidative stress parameters in two groups
Conclusion: Markers of oxidative stress does not seem to have a major role in the delivery with combined analgesia
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Objective: To assess prevalence of cyclical mastalgia and its main determinants in women who attended in health centers of Hamadan City, Iran. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 400 women (case: cyclical mastalgia, n = 240; control: without cyclical mastalgia, n = 160) who attended family planning clinic for routine follow-up in health centers. The cluster sampling was used. Information was collected by interviewing and using a standardized validated questionnaire. Severity of mastalgia was assessed through using visual analog scaling. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed by using SPSS 19.0. Results: The results revealed that majority of women (60.0%) experienced cyclical mastalgia. Out of these, 22.5% and 37.5% were mild and moderate-to-severe mastalgia, respectively. No association was revealed in experience of depression and anxiety in mastalgia group. In a multivariable logistic regression model, the increasing age, age of marriage, history of abortion and history of premenstrual syndrome were main determinants of mastalgia, while use of oral contraceptive and regular exercise was associated with lower incidence of mastalgia. Conclusions: Most of women with breast discomfort suffered cyclical mastalgia which severity can be determined by advanced age, age of marriage, history of abortion and history of premenstrual syndrome, but inversely by oral contraceptive use and exercise activity.
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Objective: To investigate the prevalence of head lice in primary and middle school children in Asadabad, Iran. Methods: This study is an analytical descriptive cross-sectional one conducted among primary and middle school children in Asadabad during the academic year of 2013-2014. Data were collected at baseline via questionnaire, checklist and head examination. Results: A total of 600 students were examined (412 girls and 188 boys), and 14 students showed pediculosis. And the total prevalence rate was 2.3% (3.2% girls and 0.5% boys). The infestation was equal in public and private schools. The rate of pediculosis was higher in students of primary schools (4.0%) than those in middle schools (0.7%). The age of the students ranged from 6 to 14 years. The total number of infected group was 14 with mean age of 8.93 ± 2.43 years, and it was 586 with mean age of 10.98 ± 2.82 years for the uninfected group who were enrolled in the study (P 0.05). Conclusions: It is necessary to find the risk factors of the infection in order to understand how to control or decrease infection in students, considering the important role of health education in reduction of head lice infections.
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Since time of menopause is influenced by a variety of racial, environmental, and physiological factors, determining age at natural menopause and its main indicators seems to be necessary. The present study attempted to determine average age at menopause and its main predictors among Iranian women. This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 400 post-menopausal women aged 43 to 65 years attending the health centers in Hamadan, Hamadan Province, Iran, during 2013. Due to potential effects of oral contraceptive pills [OCP] on age of menopause, we considered two groups of women with and without OCP use using cluster sampling method. Data were collected through individual interviews at the health centers. The findings showed significant univariate relationships between age at menopause with some baseline variables including mother's age at menopause [p<0.001], mother and spouse with high educational level [p<0.001], passive cigarette smoking [p<0.001], weekly physical activity [p<0.001], and high family income [p<001]. Adversely, smoking was associated with early menopause. The postmenopausal women doing intense weekly physical activity, having mothers with late menopause, having higher monthly income, and experiencing later-age pregnancy are likely to reach menopause later than their contemporaries, while smokers have an early menopause
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Humans , Female , Age Factors , WomenABSTRACT
Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis is important endemic diseases in many parts of the world, including Iran, which are transmitted by bites of sandflies. This study is conducted to identify Phlebotomine sand flies fauna in Hamadan, Iran. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which caught sand flies in the months of May, June, July, August, September and October. The catch was performed by sticky traps. In this study, a total of 4871 sand flies were collected and identified. The number of sand flies caught from indoor and outdoor places was respectively 1302 [26.73%] and 3569 [73.27%]. As a result of this study, nine species of sand flies were identified in the city of Hamadan, seven of which are of genre Phlebotomus [P. papatasi, P. kandelakii, P. sergenti, P. major, P. caucasicus, P. ansarii, P. halpensis] and two species are of the genre Sergentomyia [S. sintoni, S. dentata]. In order to avoid the possible transmission of diseases and reduction of harassments of this insect during warm months of the year, personal protection such as use of mosquito nets, application of window and door mesh and use of repellents are recommended.
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Antidepressant drugs are administered in appropriate doses to get rid of depression. Most of these drugs have adverse effects on sexual function. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] are antidepressants that cause sexual dysfunction. The effect of this drug on the sexual behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster is studied here. The male, female and both treated groups were used. The effect of fluoxetine [FLX] on the sexual behavioural elements such as, orientation, tapping, wing vibration, scissoring, licking, circling, extruding and decamping were observed. The F1 and F2 progeny obtained from inbreeding of the above combinations were also used for observation. Three sub lethal concentrations [0.02, 0.04 and 0.06%] were administered by larval feeding method. Most of the male courtship acts and the non-receptive behaviour of females are affected by treatment of antidepressant drug in parents' generation. Sexual behaviour elements of male and female were insignificant in F1 and F2 progeny. The LC[50] and concentrations used are very high. Furthermore, these drugs have no effect on the progeny. Therefore, the author is of the opinion that low concentrations of these drugs could be used by man to get rid of depression
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Leishmaniasis is considered endemic in 82 countries, including Iran. In order to control the vectors of leishmaniasis, entomological studies, such as fauna, seasonal abundance, nocturnal activity, sex ratio, resting site, etc, are necessary. In this investigation, the species composition of sandflies. and the seasonality and nocturnal activity, sex ratio, and resting site, of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti, for implementation of future control measures, were surveyed in northeast Shiraz City, southern Iran. Two thousand, five hundred (2,500) adult sandflies were collected from internal and external fixed places by sticky trap. SPSS version 1.3 software was used to analyze the data. Meteorological data were obtained from the meteorological organization in Shiraz. In this investigation, a total of 4 species were recorded: P. papatasi, P. sergenti, Sergentonmyia sintoni, and Ser. dentata. Peak abundance of both P. papatasi and P. sergenti occurred in September, and declined by December. Between sunset and sunrise, the maximum and minimum abundance were found to be at 20 00 hour, and 05 00 or 06 00 hour, respectively. The sex ratio (F/M) of the P. papatasi varied from a high ratio of 10.9: 1 in October, to a low ratio of 1.2: 1 in June. The abundance of sandflies in the external regions was significantly more (p<0.05) than the internal regions in all months except May and June. Using the results of this investigation, health workers in this area can better manage the control and prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Insect Vectors/classification , Iran/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/epidemiology , Male , Phlebotomus/classificationABSTRACT
To study the effects of fluoxetinean antidepressant drug on courtship behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster. Larval and adult feeding methods were used for administration of the drug. LC50 of fluoxetine for these two protocols were estimated, then, three sub lethal concentrations [0.02, 0.04 and 0.06% for larval feeding and 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6% of fluoxetine for adult feeding method/ were administered. Following combinations of crosses [control, male, female and both treated groups] in parents were made for observing the effect of antidepressant drug on the courtship behavioural elements such as, courtship latency, matting latency and copulation duration. The F1 and F2 progeny obtained from inbreeding of the above combinations were also used for observation. Courtship latency, matting latency and copulation duration were increased in all treated batches of parents for both larval and adult feeding methods. In larval feeding for treated hatches. ANOVA value] of Courtship Latency was 19.055 and 1.863: of Mating latency was 0.644 and 0.174 and Copulation Duration was 1.145 and 7.135 for parents and F1 generation respectively Adult feeding for treated batches. ANOVA [F value] of Courtship Latency was 4.804 and 18.593; Mating Latency was 0.353 and 8.459 and Copulation Duration was 5.362 and 0.711 for parents and F1 generation respectively. The courtship behaviours are affected by treatment of Fluoxetine: however the drug has no effect on courtship in most of groups and treatments of F1 and F2 progeny